Quick Summary
The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine built in AD 691 on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It covers the rock believed to be the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22) and where the Jewish Temples once stood. While not a mosque, it is a sacred site for Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike, standing at the center of biblical history and modern geopolitical tension.
The Dome of the Rock is one of the most recognizable religious monuments in the world and one of the most contested sacred spaces in human history. It stands in the heart of Jerusalem on the Temple Mount, known in Islam as Al-Haram al-Sharif, the Noble Sanctuary.
Built in AD 691, it is among the oldest surviving Islamic structures and remains a powerful symbol of faith, history, and political tension.
The Dome of the Rock is not a mosque in function, although many people mistakenly describe it as one. It was constructed as a shrine, centered around a massive exposed rock that rises from the floor of the building.
This rock is the highest natural point on Mount Moriah and is sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims for different but overlapping reasons.
For Jews and Christians, Mount Moriah is inseparably linked to the story of Abraham. According to Genesis 22:1–14, this is the place where Abraham was tested by God and prepared to offer his son Isaac as a sacrifice.
The event established the mountain as a site of obedience, covenant, and divine provision. This narrative forms the earliest biblical foundation for the holiness of the location.
The site is also associated with King David. In 2 Samuel 24:18, David is commanded to build an altar on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite. There he offers sacrifices, and God halts the plague that had come upon Israel.
This episode connects the mountain not only to personal faith but to national repentance and worship. Jewish tradition identifies this area as the place where Solomon later built the First Temple.
Centuries afterward, Herod the Great expanded the Temple Mount platform and rebuilt the Second Temple, making it one of the most magnificent religious structures of the ancient world. It was this temple where Jesus worshiped and taught.
In Matthew 24:1–2, Jesus foretold its complete destruction, a prophecy that was fulfilled when the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and the temple in AD 70. For Christians, this event marks a turning point in redemptive history and confirms Christ’s authority as a prophet.
After the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in AD 637, Islamic leaders eventually commissioned the Dome of the Rock, which was completed in AD 691. It stands within a vast sacred complex that includes Al-Aqsa Mosque and covers more than thirty-five acres.
In Islam, the area is regarded as the third holiest site after Mecca and Medina. Islamic tradition later associated the rock with the Night Journey of the Prophet Muhammad, although this connection appears in written sources only after the shrine had already been built.
Architecturally, the Dome of the Rock is striking. It sits on an elevated platform that raises it above the surrounding courtyard. The central rock measures roughly sixty by forty feet and rises several feet above the floor. The building’s golden dome dominates Jerusalem’s skyline and symbolizes the religious significance of the site to millions of believers around the world.
What makes the Dome of the Rock uniquely sensitive is that it stands on ground claimed by multiple faiths as sacred. For Judaism, the Temple Mount is the holiest place on earth and the location where many believe a future temple will one day stand.
For Christianity, it is bound to the life, teaching, and prophecy of Jesus. For Islam, it is part of a sacred sanctuary tied to Islamic worship and history.
This religious overlap is inseparable from modern political reality. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as a capital, and both regard the Temple Mount area as central to their national and religious identity.
Since Israel captured East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967, it has maintained overall security control of the area.
However, administrative authority over the Temple Mount and the Dome of the Rock was left to an Islamic religious trust known as the Waqf, as a way of preserving stability and preventing religious conflict.
Under this arrangement, Muslims are allowed to pray freely on the Temple Mount, while non-Muslims may visit only during limited hours and are not permitted to pray. This fragile status quo is one of the most sensitive political and religious compromises in the world. Any perceived change to it has the potential to ignite international tension.
The Dome of the Rock therefore cannot be understood merely as an ancient building or an architectural masterpiece. It stands at the intersection of biblical history, Islamic devotion, and modern geopolitical struggle.
Its foundation rests on narratives from Genesis 22:1–14, 2 Samuel 24:18, and Matthew 24:1–2, which anchor its significance in the biblical worldview. Its continued existence and governance reflect the unresolved conflict over Jerusalem’s identity and future.
In a single structure, the Dome of the Rock gathers together the deepest longings of three great faiths and the sharpest disputes of modern politics.
It is not simply a shrine of stone and gold. It is a living symbol of humanity’s search for God, truth, and peace in a city that has rarely known peace for long.
Frequently Asked Questions
Scholarly examination of the primary theological, historical, and biblical inquiries addressed in this guide.
What is the biblical and historical significance of Mount Moriah, where the Dome of the Rock stands?
Mount Moriah (Hebrew: Har ha-Moriya) possesses foundational biblical significance spanning redemption history. In Genesis 22:2, it is identified as the mountain in the land of Moriah where Abraham was commanded to sacrifice Isaac, prefiguring the Father’s sacrifice of His only-begotten Son on Golgotha. In 2 Samuel 24:18–25 and 1 Chronicles 21, King David purchased the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite on this mount to erect an altar that halted divine pestilence. Subsequently, 2 Chronicles 3:1 explicitly confirms that King Solomon built the First Temple on Mount Moriah, establishing it as the earthly locus of Yahweh’s Shekinah glory, followed centuries later by the Second Temple reconstructed by Zerubbabel and renovated by Herod the Great.
