Sacrilo

enEnglishchecktrTürkçeesEspañolptPortuguêsfrFrançaisdeDeutschzh中文ruРусскийja日本語ko한국어viTiếng ViệtthไทยplPolskiukУкраїнськаhuMagyarcsČeštinasrСрпскиslSlovenščinasqShqiplvLatviešuetEestinlNederlandsnbNorskdaDansksvSvenskafiSuomiitItalianoheעבריתhrHrvatskilaLatinaarالعربية

DASHBOARD

dashboardOverviewmenu_bookRead the Biblelocal_libraryBooksquizDaily Quizevent_noteMy PlansbookmarksBookmarks

STUDY TOOLS

searchSearchauto_storiesBible Topicscompare_arrowsBible Comparison

John 5 Comparison: Douay-Rheims vs King James Version

chevron_leftchevron_right

John 5

1After these things was a festival day of the Jews: and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

2Now there is at Jerusalem a pond, called Probatica, which in Hebrew is named Bethsaida, having five porches.

3In these lay a great multitude of sick, of blind, of lame, of withered: waiting for the moving of the water.

4And an angel of the Lord descended at certain times into the pond and the water was moved. And he that went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was made whole of whatsoever infirmity he lay under.

5And there was a certain man there that had been eight and thirty years under his infirmity.

6Him when Jesus had seen lying, and knew that he had been now a long time, he saith to him: Wilt thou be made whole?

7The infirm man answered him: Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pond. For whilst I am coming, another goeth down before me.

8Jesus saith to him: Arise, take up thy bed and walk.

9And immediately the man was made whole: and he took up his bed and walked. And it was the sabbath that day.

10The Jews therefore said to him that was healed: It is the sabbath. It is not lawful for thee to take up thy bed.

11He answered them: He that made me whole, he said to me: Take up thy bed and walk.

12They asked him therefore: Who is that man who said to thee: Take up thy bed and walk?

13But he who was healed knew not who it was: for Jesus went aside from the multitude standing in the place.

14Afterwards, Jesus findeth him in the temple and saith to him: Behold thou art made whole: sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee.

15The man went his way and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him whole.

16Therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, because he did these things on the sabbath.

17But Jesus answered them: My Father worketh until now; and I work.

18Hereupon therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he did not only break the sabbath but also said God was his Father, making himself equal to God.

19Then Jesus answered and said to them: Amen, amen, I say unto you, the Son cannot do any thing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing: for what things soever he doth, these the Son also doth in like manner.

20For the Father loveth the Son and sheweth him all things which himself doth: and greater works than these will he shew him, that you may wonder.

21For as the Father raiseth up the dead and giveth life: so the Son also giveth life to whom he will.

22For neither does the Father judge any man: but hath given all judgment to the Son.

23That all men may honour the Son, as they honour the Father. He who honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father who hath sent him.

24Amen, amen, I say unto you that he who heareth my word and believeth him that sent me hath life everlasting: and cometh not into judgment, but is passed from death to life.

25Amen, amen, I say unto you, that the hour cometh, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

26For as the Father hath life in himself, so he hath given to the Son also to have life in himself.

27And he hath given him power to do judgment, because he is the Son of man.

28Wonder not at this: for the hour cometh wherein all that are in the graves shall hear the voice of the Son of God.

29And they that have done good things shall come forth unto the resurrection of life: but they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of judgment.

30I cannot of myself do any thing. As I hear, so I judge. And my judgment is just: because I seek not my own will. but the will of him that sent me.

31If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

32There is another that beareth witness of me: and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.

33You sent to John: and he gave testimony to the truth.

34But I receive not testimony from man: but I say these things, that you may be saved.

35He was a burning and a shining light: and you were willing for a time to rejoice in his light.

36But I have a greater testimony than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to perfect, the works themselves which I do, give testimony of me, that the Father hath sent me.

37And the Father himself who hath sent me hath given testimony of me: neither have you heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.

38And you have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him you believe not.

39Search the scriptures: for you think in them to have life everlasting. And the same are they that give testimony of me.

40And you will not come to me that you may have life.

41I receive not glory from men.

42But I know you, that you have not the love of God in you.

43I am come in the name of my Father, and you receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him you will receive.

44How can you believe, who receive glory one from another: and the glory which is from God alone, you do not seek?

45Think not that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one that accuseth you, Moses, in whom you trust.

46For if you did believe Moses, you would perhaps believe me also: for he wrote of me.

47But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?

John 5

1After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

2Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches.

3In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water.

4For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.

5And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and eight years.

6When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole?

7The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me.

8Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.

9And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath.

10The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed.

11He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk.

12Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk?

13And he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that place.

14Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee.

15The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole.

16And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day.

17But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.

18Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God.

19Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise.

20For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.

21For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will.

22For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son:

23That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him.

24Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life.

25Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

26For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself;

27And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.

28Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice,

29And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation.

30I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me.

31If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

32There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.

33Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth.

34But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved.

35He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light.

36But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me.

37And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.

38And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not.

39Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me.

40And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life.

41I receive not honour from men.

42But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you.

43I am come in my Father’s name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive.

44How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God only?

45Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust.

46For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me.

47But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?

John 5

1After these things was a festival day of the Jews: and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

2Now there is at Jerusalem a pond, called Probatica, which in Hebrew is named Bethsaida, having five porches.

3In these lay a great multitude of sick, of blind, of lame, of withered: waiting for the moving of the water.

4And an angel of the Lord descended at certain times into the pond and the water was moved. And he that went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was made whole of whatsoever infirmity he lay under.

5And there was a certain man there that had been eight and thirty years under his infirmity.

6Him when Jesus had seen lying, and knew that he had been now a long time, he saith to him: Wilt thou be made whole?

7The infirm man answered him: Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pond. For whilst I am coming, another goeth down before me.

8Jesus saith to him: Arise, take up thy bed and walk.

9And immediately the man was made whole: and he took up his bed and walked. And it was the sabbath that day.

10The Jews therefore said to him that was healed: It is the sabbath. It is not lawful for thee to take up thy bed.

11He answered them: He that made me whole, he said to me: Take up thy bed and walk.

12They asked him therefore: Who is that man who said to thee: Take up thy bed and walk?

13But he who was healed knew not who it was: for Jesus went aside from the multitude standing in the place.

14Afterwards, Jesus findeth him in the temple and saith to him: Behold thou art made whole: sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee.

15The man went his way and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him whole.

16Therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, because he did these things on the sabbath.

17But Jesus answered them: My Father worketh until now; and I work.

18Hereupon therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he did not only break the sabbath but also said God was his Father, making himself equal to God.

19Then Jesus answered and said to them: Amen, amen, I say unto you, the Son cannot do any thing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing: for what things soever he doth, these the Son also doth in like manner.

20For the Father loveth the Son and sheweth him all things which himself doth: and greater works than these will he shew him, that you may wonder.

21For as the Father raiseth up the dead and giveth life: so the Son also giveth life to whom he will.

22For neither does the Father judge any man: but hath given all judgment to the Son.

23That all men may honour the Son, as they honour the Father. He who honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father who hath sent him.

24Amen, amen, I say unto you that he who heareth my word and believeth him that sent me hath life everlasting: and cometh not into judgment, but is passed from death to life.

25Amen, amen, I say unto you, that the hour cometh, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

26For as the Father hath life in himself, so he hath given to the Son also to have life in himself.

27And he hath given him power to do judgment, because he is the Son of man.

28Wonder not at this: for the hour cometh wherein all that are in the graves shall hear the voice of the Son of God.

29And they that have done good things shall come forth unto the resurrection of life: but they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of judgment.

30I cannot of myself do any thing. As I hear, so I judge. And my judgment is just: because I seek not my own will. but the will of him that sent me.

31If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

32There is another that beareth witness of me: and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.

33You sent to John: and he gave testimony to the truth.

34But I receive not testimony from man: but I say these things, that you may be saved.

35He was a burning and a shining light: and you were willing for a time to rejoice in his light.

36But I have a greater testimony than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to perfect, the works themselves which I do, give testimony of me, that the Father hath sent me.

37And the Father himself who hath sent me hath given testimony of me: neither have you heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.

38And you have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him you believe not.

39Search the scriptures: for you think in them to have life everlasting. And the same are they that give testimony of me.

40And you will not come to me that you may have life.

41I receive not glory from men.

42But I know you, that you have not the love of God in you.

43I am come in the name of my Father, and you receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him you will receive.

44How can you believe, who receive glory one from another: and the glory which is from God alone, you do not seek?

45Think not that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one that accuseth you, Moses, in whom you trust.

46For if you did believe Moses, you would perhaps believe me also: for he wrote of me.

47But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?

John 5:1
DRC

After these things was a festival day of the Jews: and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

KJV

After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

2
DRC

Now there is at Jerusalem a pond, called Probatica, which in Hebrew is named Bethsaida, having five porches.

KJV

Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches.

3
DRC

In these lay a great multitude of sick, of blind, of lame, of withered: waiting for the moving of the water.

KJV

In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water.

4
DRC

And an angel of the Lord descended at certain times into the pond and the water was moved. And he that went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was made whole of whatsoever infirmity he lay under.

KJV

For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.

5
DRC

And there was a certain man there that had been eight and thirty years under his infirmity.

KJV

And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and eight years.

6
DRC

Him when Jesus had seen lying, and knew that he had been now a long time, he saith to him: Wilt thou be made whole?

KJV

When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole?

7
DRC

The infirm man answered him: Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pond. For whilst I am coming, another goeth down before me.

KJV

The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me.

8
DRC

Jesus saith to him: Arise, take up thy bed and walk.

KJV

Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.

9
DRC

And immediately the man was made whole: and he took up his bed and walked. And it was the sabbath that day.

KJV

And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath.

10
DRC

The Jews therefore said to him that was healed: It is the sabbath. It is not lawful for thee to take up thy bed.

KJV

The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed.

11
DRC

He answered them: He that made me whole, he said to me: Take up thy bed and walk.

KJV

He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk.

12
DRC

They asked him therefore: Who is that man who said to thee: Take up thy bed and walk?

KJV

Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk?

13
DRC

But he who was healed knew not who it was: for Jesus went aside from the multitude standing in the place.

KJV

And he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that place.

14
DRC

Afterwards, Jesus findeth him in the temple and saith to him: Behold thou art made whole: sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee.

KJV

Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee.

15
DRC

The man went his way and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him whole.

KJV

The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole.

16
DRC

Therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, because he did these things on the sabbath.

KJV

And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day.

17
DRC

But Jesus answered them: My Father worketh until now; and I work.

KJV

But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.

18
DRC

Hereupon therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he did not only break the sabbath but also said God was his Father, making himself equal to God.

KJV

Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God.

19
DRC

Then Jesus answered and said to them: Amen, amen, I say unto you, the Son cannot do any thing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing: for what things soever he doth, these the Son also doth in like manner.

KJV

Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise.

20
DRC

For the Father loveth the Son and sheweth him all things which himself doth: and greater works than these will he shew him, that you may wonder.

KJV

For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.

21
DRC

For as the Father raiseth up the dead and giveth life: so the Son also giveth life to whom he will.

KJV

For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will.

22
DRC

For neither does the Father judge any man: but hath given all judgment to the Son.

KJV

For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son:

23
DRC

That all men may honour the Son, as they honour the Father. He who honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father who hath sent him.

KJV

That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him.

24
DRC

Amen, amen, I say unto you that he who heareth my word and believeth him that sent me hath life everlasting: and cometh not into judgment, but is passed from death to life.

KJV

Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life.

25
DRC

Amen, amen, I say unto you, that the hour cometh, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

KJV

Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live.

26
DRC

For as the Father hath life in himself, so he hath given to the Son also to have life in himself.

KJV

For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself;

27
DRC

And he hath given him power to do judgment, because he is the Son of man.

KJV

And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.

28
DRC

Wonder not at this: for the hour cometh wherein all that are in the graves shall hear the voice of the Son of God.

KJV

Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice,

29
DRC

And they that have done good things shall come forth unto the resurrection of life: but they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of judgment.

KJV

And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation.

30
DRC

I cannot of myself do any thing. As I hear, so I judge. And my judgment is just: because I seek not my own will. but the will of him that sent me.

KJV

I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me.

31
DRC

If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

KJV

If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

32
DRC

There is another that beareth witness of me: and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.

KJV

There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.

33
DRC

You sent to John: and he gave testimony to the truth.

KJV

Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth.

34
DRC

But I receive not testimony from man: but I say these things, that you may be saved.

KJV

But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved.

35
DRC

He was a burning and a shining light: and you were willing for a time to rejoice in his light.

KJV

He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light.

36
DRC

But I have a greater testimony than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to perfect, the works themselves which I do, give testimony of me, that the Father hath sent me.

KJV

But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me.

37
DRC

And the Father himself who hath sent me hath given testimony of me: neither have you heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.

KJV

And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.

38
DRC

And you have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him you believe not.

KJV

And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not.

39
DRC

Search the scriptures: for you think in them to have life everlasting. And the same are they that give testimony of me.

KJV

Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me.

40
DRC

And you will not come to me that you may have life.

KJV

And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life.

41
DRC

I receive not glory from men.

KJV

I receive not honour from men.

42
DRC

But I know you, that you have not the love of God in you.

KJV

But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you.

43
DRC

I am come in the name of my Father, and you receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him you will receive.

KJV

I am come in my Father’s name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive.

44
DRC

How can you believe, who receive glory one from another: and the glory which is from God alone, you do not seek?

KJV

How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God only?

45
DRC

Think not that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one that accuseth you, Moses, in whom you trust.

KJV

Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust.

46
DRC

For if you did believe Moses, you would perhaps believe me also: for he wrote of me.

KJV

For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me.

47
DRC

But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?

KJV

But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?

Understanding Douay-Rheims vs King James Version in John 5

Douay-Rheims (DRC)

Traditional Catholic English translation from the Latin Vulgate. Includes deuterocanonical books used in Catholic tradition. Best for readers who want a classic, historically influential Catholic Bible.

King James Version (KJV)

The classic 1611 English translation known for its majestic prose and literary influence. Ideal for traditional study and memorization thanks to its formal style. A foundational English Bible used for centuries.

You are viewing a side-by-side comparison of John 5 in the Douay-Rheims and King James Version. Comparing these two versions can help shed light on the nuances of the original text.

Key Comparison: John 5:16

DRC

"Therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, because he did these things on the sabbath."

KJV

"And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day."

trending_upPopular Comparisons

KJV vs ASVarrow_forward

Genesis 1

KJV vs BBEarrow_forward

John 3

ASV vs BBEarrow_forward

Psalms 23

KJV vs BSBarrow_forward

Romans 8

KJV vs YLTarrow_forward

Matthew 5

ASV vs Darbyarrow_forward

Revelation of John 1

BBE vs NHEBarrow_forward

Isaiah 53

KJV vs Websterarrow_forward

Proverbs 3

auto_storiesSacrilo
Bible TopicsBible PlantsBible PlacesBible AnswersBible AnimalsBible Characters

Sacrilo

AboutContactBible App

Connect

© 2026 Sacrilo.

Privacy PolicyTerms of ServiceCookies
auto_stories

Latest Answers

What Is the Kingdom of God?
read_more

What Is the Kingdom of God?

What Is the Final Judgment?
read_more

What Is the Final Judgment?

What Is the Bible’s View of Love?
read_more

What Is the Bible’s View of Love?

What Is Teleology in Theology?
read_more

What Is Teleology in Theology?

What Is Continuous Creation (Creatio Continua)?
read_more

What Is Continuous Creation (Creatio Continua)?

What Is the Lord’s Supper / Communion?
read_more

What Is the Lord’s Supper / Communion?

View Allarrow_forward